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Dr Jekyll, Mr Hyde, and the Neurobiology of Connection: Reflections on World Bipolar Day

  • Writer: Kirstan Lloyd
    Kirstan Lloyd
  • Mar 29
  • 6 min read

A reflection on mood, identity, and the healing power of connection in the face of Bipolar Disorder.


The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

On World Bipolar Day, we are invited to pause. To honour the lived experience of Bipolar Disorder, its challenges, and the growing science that brings hope.


Stevenson's novel, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, eerily weaves a narrative that explores the duality of human nature and, in many ways, presents a compelling literary account of what it can be like to live with Bipolar Disorder. In the novel, Dr Jekyll confesses, "I saw that, of the two natures that contended in the field of my consciousness... I was radically both."


Someone once described living with Bipolar Disorder as not knowing who they will be the next day; not knowing who they will be drawn to. Like the novel, the lived experience of Bipolar Disorder can feel split, with the person swinging between extremes in mood ranging from depressive to manic states. These shifts can have a devastating impact. Much like Dr Jekyll, the individual may start to lose their sense of control, as mood states emerge suddenly and with intense consequences. They may be plagued by overwhelming emotions such as guilt, shame, paranoia, and even psychosis. Behaviour can fluctuate between the seductive energy and inflated confidence of mania and the paralytic fatigue and despair of depression.


The cause of Bipolar Disorder is multifactorial, involving genetic vulnerability, brain chemistry, and environmental factors like trauma. A single, definitive cause remains elusive, but researchers agree it arises from a complex interplay of these influences.


Bipolar Disorder often begins in late adolescence or early adulthood, though it can appear earlier. Without treatment, mood episodes tend to recur and intensify over time. The condition carries a high psychosocial and economic burden, affecting relationships, work, education, and physical health. However, with timely diagnosis and integrated support that includes therapy, medication, and psychoeducation, outcomes can be dramatically improved.


The Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder


While Stevenson’s story ends in tragedy, our understanding of Bipolar Disorder has moved forward. Research shows that several brain systems are involved in the condition, particularly those that regulate mood, energy, sleep, and emotion. Differences have been found in the prefrontal cortex (involved in planning and impulse control), the amygdala (which detects emotional intensity and threat), and the hippocampus (linked to memory and emotional processing). These areas often show changes in size, function, or connectivity in individuals with Bipolar Disorder.


The condition is also linked to brain chemistry. Neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and GABA all influence mood and emotional regulation. Disruptions in circadian rhythms and metabolism are also being explored. Another emerging area of interest is oxytocin, sometimes called the "connection hormone," which may play a role in social behaviour, bonding, and mood regulation.


Understanding Oxytocin


One of the striking aspects of Dr Jekyll's descent is the loss of his warmth and sociability. Initially described as kind and generous, he becomes isolated as Mr Hyde grows stronger. In modern terms, this may symbolise a breakdown in social connection and trust. Neurobiologically, it could be a depiction of how fluctuations oxytocin are expressed. Indeed, oxytocin is thought to underpin many of the behaviours we associate with connection: bonding, empathy, emotional safety, and regulation.


Oxytocin is released during positive interactions, including touch, eye contact, and attuned relationships. It reduces stress, increases a sense of security, and enhances our ability to read social cues. It helps regulate the amygdala and supports learning and memory by acting on the hippocampus.


Research suggests that oxytocin may fluctuate with mood states in Bipolar Disorder. For some, oxytocin levels are elevated even between episodes. For others, levels drop during depression or anxiety. These patterns are not uniform, but they may help explain some of the social and emotional intensity experienced by people living with the condition. Oxytocin also appears to support emotion recognition, which could influence interpersonal sensitivity.


Oxytocin does not always produce positive outcomes. In some people, it may heighten in-group loyalty and lead to suspicion of outsiders. When dysregulated, it may contribute to avoidance, interpersonal mistrust, or even antisocial behaviour.


Oxytocin in Other Diagnoses


Oxytocin is also being explored in other conditions. In Borderline Personality Disorder, lower oxytocin levels have been linked to rejection sensitivity and emotional dysregulation. In Autism Spectrum Disorder, oxytocin receptor differences may underlie social difficulties, and intranasal oxytocin has been studied for its potential to support social engagement. In Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, some studies suggest that lower oxytocin levels may be linked to emotional impulsivity or difficulty with co-regulation.

Oxytocin supports learning by improving attention to social information and creating a sense of emotional safety. This is especially important for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, who may struggle in traditional learning environments. Oxytocin also enhances memory consolidation and flexibility, helping learners adapt to new challenges.


Therapy as Oxytocin Medicine


Therapy is not just about understanding emotions. It is also a relational process that supports healing at a biological level. Oxytocin is released through the therapist-client bond, especially when that relationship is consistent, safe, and attuned. This release supports emotional regulation, resilience, and a growing sense of trust. In this way, therapy may act as a kind of oxytocin medicine for people navigating intense emotional worlds.


Closing Reflection


While The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde ends in despair, the story of Bipolar Disorder is one of growing understanding, connection, and hope. Emotional intensity does not equal instability. Often, it reflects a nervous system that has struggled to feel safe. Through therapy, community, and ongoing research into oxytocin and brain function, there is a path forward. On World Bipolar Day, we honour not only the challenge but the capacity for healing through relationship, connection, and science.


Written by Kirstan Lloyd and Jo Adams


Kirstan is a Chartered Psychologist and Psychotherapist, and founder of the Helix Centre. Her clinical work focuses on complex mental health, neurodevelopmental conditions, and relational approaches to psychotherapy. Jo is a Double Accredited (ABP & BPS) MSc Occupational Psychology Student, Assessment Consultant, and Access Arrangements Coordinator. She brings a deep interest in inclusion, assessment practice, and the psychology of learning. Together, they are passionate about bridging neuroscience, compassion, and the lived experience of neurodiversity.


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